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Im Archiv des Museums sind neben den Patenten Otto und Gustav Lilienthals u. a. die für Luftfahrt des Kaiserlichen Patentamtes bis 1910 verzeichnet. Eine Recherche mit zugänglichem Volltext-Archiv wurde von Frau Simine Short für US-Patente bis 1909 online verfügbar gemacht.
Patente Lilienthal, O.
23 Patente Otto Lilienthals sind bekannt. Die meisten betreffen seine
Tätigkeit als Maschinenbauingenieur. Einige Patente meldet er für seinen
Bruder Gustav an, so ein Patent auf Bausteine, aus denen später der bekannte
Anker-Steinbaukasten wird. Nur 4 betreffen Flugmaschinen:
Deutsches Reichspatent Nr. 77916 (77) Flugapparat, 3.9.1893/10.11.1894
Brit. Patent N° 2519, Flying machines, 1894
United States Patent N° 544816, Flying machine,
1.2.1894/20.8.1895
Deutsches Reichspatent Nr. 84417 (77), Flugapparat,
29.5.1895
Das erste deutsche Patent entspricht weitgehend dem amerikanischen und
betrifft den Gleitflug und den Flügelschlag. Das zweite deutsche Patent
ist eine Ergänzung und betrifft den sogenannten Vorflügel.
United States Patent Office
Otto Lilienthal, of Berlin, Germany
Flying-Machine
Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 544,816, dated August
20, 1895
Application filed February 28, 1894. Serial No. 501,880. (No model.)
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, Otto Lilienthal, manufacturer, a subject
of the German Emperor, and a resident of Berlin, German Empire, have invented
certain new and useful Improvements in Flying-Machines, of which the following
is a specification.
This invention relates to flying-machines which resemble
in their construction the structure of birds' wings. The object of these
flying-machines is to imitate the soaring of birds as well as their ordinary
flight, which is effected by the flapping of the wings. The improved machine
comprises two wings, which, after the manner of birds' wings, are slightly
valued upward. These wings are fixed by two rods laid crosswise one upon
the other and firmly connected together, which rods form a carrying-frame
or part of a carrying-frame to which the person intending to fly may hold,
so as to be suspended between the two wings.
In the accompanying drawings the flying-machine, constructed
according to the present invention, is represented in Figures 1 to 5.
Fig. 1 shows a view from above of this flying-machines. Figs. 2, 3, and
4 are sections on the lines A, B, C, D and E, F of Fig. 1. Fig. 5 shows
the flying-machines when folded up.
In carrying this invention into practice, two wooden rods
a, forming an acute-angled cross, are arranged to carry at their upper
ends b pockets d, produced by two small wooden plates. In these pockets
are pivoted the wooden ribs e of the wings. A string f, connecting the
points of the ribs, and a wire g, fastened to the first rib of the wing
and hooked to the hoop h, stretch these ribs in the horizontal direction.
The tension downward is given to the ribs by wires i, which extend from
the points k of the lower ends c of the crossed rods a. The said hoop
l is nailed, glued, or otherwise secured in the pockets d. With this hoop
are firmly connected the rods m, to which are attached in front the wooden
bar n, with the rods o o, and at the rear two diverging rods p. On the
latter is pivoted the tail q such a manner that it can freely turn upward,
but finds downward a point of support on the fixed rudder r. This mode
of attaching the tail has the advantage that the tail will have no carrying
action when the machine is employed like an ordinary parachute, thereby
preventing the machine from turning over forward. The rudder r, which
serves for automatically keeping the machine in the wind's eye, is likewise
detachably fastened to the rods m and the hoop h. The surfaces of the
machine over which fabric is stretched are shaded in the right-hand half
of Fig. 1.
For using this flying-machine the person inserts his
fore-arms between the cushions l, fixed to the crossed wooden rods a,
Fig. 3, and
takes hold of the bar n with the hands, so that, without changing the
upright position of his body, he can carry and properly adjust the machine
in a very convenient manner during his run before the flight, while during
the flight he can balance and steer the machine, in which he is suspended,
by a suitable movement of his body, so as to displace its center of gravity.
In this manner he can imitate the so called "soaring" of birds,
in which the movement takes place merely by a change in the position
of the wings
with regard to the direction of the wind, there being no rudder movement
proper of the wings. As under these circumstances the legs are always
freely suspended downward the landing can safely be effected by putting
the feet on the ground. The folding up of the machine is effected by
disengaging
the front tension-wires g from the hoop h, turning the rips about their
center in the pockets d to the rear and hooking the tension-wires g
into
the eyes on the rods m. The apparatus then constitutes a compact whole.
I laving now particularly described and ascertained the
nature of my said invention and in what manner the same is to be performed,
I declare that what I claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent of
the United States of America, is
- In a flying machine, the combination of two crossed carrying rods
a, two wings vaulted upward, and strings or wires i extending from
the ends of the carrying rods toward the peripheries of the wings,
substantially as set forth.
- In a flying machine, the combination of two crossed carrying rods
a, two wings vaulted upward, strings or wires i connecting the two
carrying rods with the wings, and a vertical fixed rudder substantially
as set forth.
- In a flying machine, the combination of a crossed frame, two wings
connected therewith, strings or wires i, a vertical fixed rudder r
and a horizontal tail q, adapted to turn upward automatically, substantially
as set forth.
- In a flying machine the combination with a supporting frame, of
a wing adapted to be folded together and having its ribs diverging
from a common support, and suitably hinged thereto a string connecting
the outer points of the ribs, and continuous fabric attached to a
series of ribs, substantially as set forth.
- In a flying machine, the combination with a supporting frame comprising
a hoop, of a wing having its ribs diverging from a common support,
a string connecting the outer points of the ribs, a wire, as g, fastened
to the first rib of the wing and attached to the hoop and fabric stretched
over the ribs and such wire, substantially as set forth.
- In a flying machine, the combination with a supporting frame, of
a wing having its ribs diverging from a common support, fabric stretched
over the ribs and wires, as i, extending from the ribs downward to
the supporting frame for the purpose of adjusting thereby the tension
of the ribs, substantially as set forth.
- In a flying machine, the combination with a frame comprising a hoop
and crossed bars connected therewith, of wings supported by said frame,
substantially as set forth.
- In a flying machine, a supporting frame for the wings comprising
a hoop h, rods extending from it for supporting the operator and a
tail and a rudder, and pockets as d for receiving the ends of the
ribs of the wings, substantially as set forth.
- In a flying machine the combination with a supporting frame, of
wings with suitable ribs connected therewith, front tension wires
g, and pockets d for receiving the inner ends of the ribs, the ribs
being made capable of turning around their centers in such pockets
for the purpose of folding up such wings, substantially as set forth.
- In a flying machine, the combination with a supporting frame, of
wings, a fixed rudder and a pivoted tail adjusted to come to rest
upon the rudder when swinging downward, substantially as set forth.
Signed at Berlin this 1st day of February, 1894.
Otto Lilienthal
Witnesses: Hermann Muller, Reinhold Weidner.
- 2 sheets
- Sheet 1: Figs. 1, 2, 3
(GIF 19 KB)
Sheet 2: Figs. 4, 5 (GIF
3 KB)
Patente
Kaiserliches Patentamt
Patentschrift Nr.84417
Klasse 77: Sport
Otto Lilienthal in Berlin
Flugapparat
Zusatz zum Patente Nr. 77916 vom 3. September 1893
Patentirt im Deutschen Reiche vom 29. Mai 1895 ab.
Längste Dauer: 2. September 1908
Bei dem unter Nr. 77916 geschützten Flugapparat hat sich der Uebelstand
gezeigt, daß wenn der Apparat die Luft unter sehr spitzem Winkel durchschneidet,
die Vorderkante infolge der gewölbten Flächenform Druck von oben erhalten
kann. Dadurch wird ein stabiles Durchsegeln der Luft gefährdet. und der
Apparat aus seiner Flugrichtung gedrängt.
Um dieses zu vermeiden, wird die vordere Flächenpartei
derart beweglich gemacht, daß dieselbe um die Vorderkante drehbar sich
nach unten richten kann. Das in Fig. 1 schraffirte Flächenstück kann sich
um die Achse a b nach unten, etwa bis in die Lage c d (Fig. 2) herabsenken,
durch einen Luftdruck von unten aber wieder bis in die Lage c e erheben.
Durch federnde Organe f f hat das schraffierte Flächenstück das Bestreben,
die gesenkte Lage c d einzunehmen, und zwar ist der normale, auf diese
bewegliche Fläche entfallende Luftdruck gerade ausreichend, um die Federn
f f so weit zu spannen, daß das vordere Flächenstück in die gehobene Lage
c e gelangt und dadurch ein Theil der ganzen geschlossenen Flügelfläche
wird. Hierdurch ergiebt sich die Wirkungsweise insofern, als bei einer
Luftdruckverminderung unter der schraffirten Fläche c e die federnden
Organe die Fläche selbst nach unten drücken, wodurch der verminderte Luftdruck
sich wieder ergänzt und aufrichtend auf den ganzen Apparat wirkt, bis
die zu einem stabilen Fluge des Apparates erforderliche Lage wieder erreicht
ist.
Patent-Anspruch:
Eine Ausführungsform des durch Patent Nr. 77916 geschützten
Flugappa-rates, bei welcher der vordere Theil der Flügelfläche um die
Vorderkante (a b) nach unten gedrückt wird, so daß er sich beim Nachlassen
des von unten wirkenden Luftdruckes nach unten dreht und dadurch ein den
Apparat aufrichtendes Moment erzeugt.
hierzu 1 Blatt Zeichnungen (GIF
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